Update installation procedure

This MR aims to update the installation procedure to have a more well-defined procedure for the python package, and to move towards using conda as the recommended installation tool for both C++ and python related parts. While it does not achieve a simple "one step installation" or guarantee functionality, it can be seen as a large step towards that goal.

Additionally, the package structure has been updated to more clearly separate the source code from the package infrastructure, tests, etc.

README.md has been updated in accordance with these changes.

Other changes include:

• Update both Makefiles (local and system MPFR) to account for the alglib implementation changing is the previous MR.
• Update both Makefiles to be able to find libraries installed with conda

A report of installation procedures tested will be posted as a thread below.

Solves #6 (closed)