Add SOA-Friendly Track Extrapolation Algorithms

At present, the ThOr framework cannot perform extrapolations for tracks the do not have associated VELO segments. This is manifested by requiring a track have a ClosestToBeam state in two main pieces of the code: In the VertexFitter, and in the DistanceCalculator. First, track extrapolation algorithms need to be modified to support SOA inputs, and these algorithms need to be called in these locations. @apearce @mvesteri @agilman @sstahl @decianm @mramospe

• Implement SOA-friendly extrapolation algorithms (!2580 (merged))
• Modify v3::Tracks to employ state objects from LHCb!3291 (merged)
• Employ extrapolators in selection algorithms